国家税务总局关于企业改制中资产评估减值发生的流动资产损失进项税额抵扣问题的批复

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国家税务总局关于企业改制中资产评估减值发生的流动资产损失进项税额抵扣问题的批复

国家税务总局


国家税务总局关于企业改制中资产评估减值发生的流动资产损失进项税额抵扣问题的批复
国税函[2002]1103号


广西壮族自治区国家税务局:
你局《关于广西壮族自治区企业改制中资产评估减值发生的流动资产损失进项税额是否可以抵扣问题的请示》(桂国税发〔2002〕288号)收悉,经研究,现批复如下:《中华人民共和国增值税暂行条例实施细则》第二十一条规定:“非正常损失是指生产、经营过程中正常损耗外的损失”。对于企业由于资产评估减值而发生流动资产损失,如果流动资产未丢失或损坏,只是由于市场发生变化,价格降低,价值量减少,则不属于《中华人民共和国增值税暂行条例实施细则》中规定的非正常损失,不作进项税额转出处理。
抄送:各省、自治区、直辖市和计划单列市国家税务局。


国家税务总局
二○○二年十二月二十日

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修改后的民事诉讼法明确赋予了检察机关对民事执行活动的监督权,由于对民事执行活动的监督启动晚,加上执行难的问题反制了对执行乱的监督,因此不仅不认真履职的不作为现象时常存在,且滥用职权的乱作为现象有时也表现得比较明显,其中拘留措施的乱用就是其众多现象之一。

不当拘留的现象

法院在民事执行工作中,对不自觉履行法律文书确定应当给付的标的款物或有意逃避履行的当事人,法院可以依法拘留。法院可用于民事执行的强制措施有人身方面和财产方面,拘留是剥夺人身自由的人身权利方面的强制措施,虽然时间上一般只有十几天,却是这些强制措施中较严厉的一种,如果过于滥用拘留措施,以拘促执、以拘代执,不真正依法律程序执行,就会对执法公信力、对社会和谐稳定产生不良影响。

按照法律规定,被执行人应按要求报告财产情况,执行人员也可先对被执行人的财产状况进行调查,对可供执行的财产采取查封、扣押、冻结、变卖等强制措施。但在实际执行过程中,往往省略了这些程序,只通知被执行的当事人履行给付义务,否则就采取直接抓人拘留的方式,逼被执行人履行,是否有无履行能力都一概不与分别。这种滥用拘留措施的做法,不仅会造成当事人双方矛盾激发,也加大了与执行人员的对立情绪,反而使执行工作陷入僵局。无论是从和谐稳定的角度出发,还是从执行的效率着想,事实表明,一味地滥用拘留措施并不能产生好的执行效果。由于因拘留引起的情绪对立,如果拘留期内被执行人还是不肯履行或不能履行,拘留过后执行人员还是要再来调查被执行人的财产情况,以及对可供执行的财产采取强制措施,或者进行执行和解,人为地增大了司法成本。滥用拘留措施,不按法律程序执行,也有悖文明执行、和谐执行,文明办案、和谐执法是执行工作必不可少的。

不当拘留的原因

在执行措施的使用上,随意拘留被执行人,其指导思想是把拘留看成是尚方宝剑,认为威力大,效果好,随意使用,而不愿意做繁琐的调查和细致的说服工作。出现这种情况,其思想根源一般表现为:其一,是先入为主,把被执行人看成是假想敌,不抓人拘留不为快,或者动不动以拘留相逼,态度野蛮、粗暴,搞成对敌斗争一样;其二,是执行人员往往把被执行人哪怕是稍微有点不配合,理解成藐视法院执行人员,恼羞成怒,不抓人关人感觉不解恨;其三,是图省事,直接用拘留的方式来逼被执行人履行,不管是否有履行能力,不去对其财产状况进行调查和对其财产采取执行措施。

应当纠正的问题

最高法院曾就执行中滥用强制措施问题发出过紧急通知,一般而言,多为对采取暴力、胁迫或其他方法妨害或抗拒执行的被执行人及其他人员采取拘留措施,或者是被执行人存在拒绝报告或虚假报告财产的,但已经把拘留演变为多用来对被执行人进行“逼标”,即不走其他程序而直接用拘留逼迫被执行人履行给付义务,这显然有违法律精神。

法律赋予了检察机关对民事执行活动的监督权,因执行而对被执行当事人进行拘留,当事人因此向检察机关申请监督,对于可能存在违法情形的,检察机关应当根据不同情况进行处置,针对具体问题,书面或口头提出纠正意见,防止把对拘留问题的申请监督拒之门外。对于有证据证明确实没有履行能力的被执行人,可建议法院撤销拘留。对担保人的拘留,如果发现是法院设套引诱担保人担保的,应立即予以监督纠正。

要避免滥用拘留措施,严格按照法律规定的程序进行执行,把好程序关显得尤其重要,对凡是没有按照执行程序做到位的,一般以不拘留被执行人为宜。对于本来就判决不公,被执行人对判决又坚决不服,而多方控告又没有得到纠正的,在这种情况下以拘留被执行人方式进行强制执行,不仅会使司法公信力受到严重影响,而且会严重影响社会的和谐稳定,应当引起高度重视。

凡被执行人已经提出申诉或申请再审,最高法院有过的司法解释精神是:如果执行依据的生效法律文书可能有实体处理错误的,或者被执行人确无财产可供执行的,均不得逮捕。虽然这里面不是指的拘留,这一规定应当认为仍然有效,对于单纯的“逼标”性拘留,应受到这一精神的约束。当事人已经向检察机关申请监督,检察机关已经立案的,在这期间对该当事人是不宜进行执行拘留,否则会使被拘留的当事人对司法的理解造成思维上混乱,同时也会使检察机关的监督权威性处于一种尴尬的境地,可能会降低检察机关的司法公信力,甚至在一定程度上影响到有关法律的有效实施。



(作者:江西省湖口县人民检察院 饶善南)

中华人民共和国海关对国家高新技术产业开发区进出口货物的管理办法(附英文)

海关总署


中华人民共和国海关对国家高新技术产业开发区进出口货物的管理办法(附英文)
海关总署令第26号

第一条 为了促进国家高新技术产业开发区的建设和发展,根据《中华人民共和国海关法》和国家关于高新技术产业开发区的有关政策规定,特制定本办法。
第二条 本办法适用于经国家批准的高新技术产业开发区[以下简称开发区]内的高新技术企业[以下简称企业]。
第三条 企业应在货物进口以前持下列文件向海关办理注册登记手续:
[一] 由省、自治区、直辖市科委指定的审批部门颁发的高新技术企业证书;
[二] 经批准有权经营进出口贸易的企业,向海关注册登记时还应交验经贸主管部门的批准文件;
[三] 工商营业执照;
[四] 企业的有关资料。
第四条 企业为生产出口产品而进口的原材料、零部件免领进口许可证,海关凭出口合同以及开发区审批部门的批准文件验放,并比照进料加工有关规定办理进出口手续。有条件设立保税工厂、保税仓库的企业,经海关审核批准后按有关规定进行监管。
第五条 企业用于开发区内高新技术开发,进口国内不能生产的仪器、设备,免征进口关税及产品税[增值税]或工商统一税。海关验凭开发区审批部门的批准文件予以审核后办理免税手续。随仪器、设备一同进口的配套零部件,按上款规定办理。在进口上述物资时,属于进口许可证管理的商品,还应向海关交验进口许可证。
第六条 企业进口为拆解、试验用的高技术产品、样品、样机等,海关验凭开发区审批部门的批件并予以审核后免税放行。上述样品、样机不得移作他用或转让、出售。
第七条 企业办理申请免税手续时,应填写免税申请表一式三份[见附件],并交验进口合同副本,经海关审核后,加盖海关免税专用章,一份留存,一份交货主,一份寄送进口地海关,凭以办理海关进口免税手续。
第八条 企业自行生产的产品出口,除国家限制出口或者另有规定者外,免征出口关税。企业从区外收购或代理出口产品,未在区内进行实质性加工并增值百分之二十以上的,照章征收出口关税。
第九条 企业免税进口的仪器、设备只准在本企业内使用,未经批准并办结海关手续,不得擅自运出产业开发区或转让、销售、租赁和移作他用。
第十条 企业进口本办法第四条的保税货物如转为内销,应经原审批部门批准和海关许可,并照章缴纳进口税款;其中属于国家实行进口许可证管理的商品,还应向海关交验进口许可证。
第十一条 开发区内享受进出口优惠待遇的企业,应建立减免税货物的专门帐册,海关有权检查、调阅帐册及有关资料。
第十二条 进出口货物如从开发区以外的口岸进出境,应按海关对转关运输货物的监管办法办理。
第十三条 《中华人民共和国海关对进口减税、免税和保税货物征收海关监管手续费的办法》同样适用于开发区企业进口的减免税货物和保税货物。
第十四条 设在经济特区、沿海开放城市、经济技术开发区的高新技术产业开发区,除按本办法办理外,同时享受所在地区的有关优惠政策。设在高新技术产业开发区的外商投资企业,除按本规定办理外,还应按海关对外商投资企业的有关规定办理。
第十五条 凡违反本办法的,由海关按《中华人民共和国海关法》和其他有关规定处理。
第十六条 本办法由海关总署负责解释。
第十七条 本办法自一九九一年十月一日起施行。

中华人民共和国海关对国家高新技术产业开发区企业进出口货物免税申请表
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|申请单位| |电话| |编号| |
|--------------------------|----|--------------------------|
|序号|货物名称|数量|单位|金额|免税情况|核放情况|备 注|
|----|--------|----|----|----|--------|--------|------|
| 1| | | | | | | |
|----|--------|----|----|----|--------|--------|------|
| 2| | | | | | | |
|----|--------|----|----|----|--------|--------|------|
| 3| | | | | | | |
|----|--------|----|----|----|--------|--------|------|
| 4| | | | | | | |
|----|--------|----|----|----|--------|--------|------|
| 5| | | | | | | |
|------------------------------------------|----------------|
| 填发海关 | | 核放海关 | |
| 签章 | | 签章 | |
| 日期 | | 日期 | |
|------------|--------------|------------|----------------|
|负责人签章 | |负责人签章 | |
----------------------------------------------------------------
说明:1.此表按每批进出口货物填报;
2.如一批货物从不同口岸进出,应按进出口岸分别填报;
3.此申请表有效期为三个月;如有特殊情况需延长期限的,
应报经主管海关核准。

Customs Regulations of the People's Republic of China for theControl over Import and Export Goods in National High and New TechnologyIndustry Development Zones

(Promulgated on September 2, 1991 by Decree No. 26 of the CustomsGeneral Administration)

Whole Doc.
Article 1
With a view to promoting the construction and development of the
Development Zones of High and New Technological Industries, these
Regulations are formulated in accordance with the Customs Law of the
People's Republic of China and related policies and regulations of the
State concerning the Development Zones of High and New Technological
Industries.
Article 2
These Regulations shall be applicable to the high and new
technological enterprises (hereinafter referred to as the enterprises) in
the Development Zones of High and New Technological Industries
(hereinafter referred to as the Development Zones) approved by the
government.
Article 3
Before the importation of the goods, the enterprises shall go through
the registration formalities to the Customs with the following documents:
(1) certificate of the high and new technological enterprise issued
by the verifying department appointed by the science and technology
committee of the province, autonomous region or municipality;
(2) approval document of the competent department of foreign economic
relation and trade for an enterprise having foreign trade right while
registering at the Customs;
(3) business license issued by the industrial and commercial
administration; (4) o her related documents of the enterprise.
Article 4
Raw materials, components and spare parts imported for the production
of the export goods shall be exempted from import licenses, and shall be
released by the Customs against the export contracts and approval
documents of the verifying department of the Development Zones and be
subject to the import and export procedures of inward processing.
Enterprises having conditions of establishing bonded factories and bonded
warehouses shall be supervised according to relevant regulation after the
Customs approval.
Article 5
Instruments and equipment which are unable to be produced
domestically and intended to be used for the development of the high and
new technology of the Development Zones shall be exempted from import
duties, product taxes (VAT) or industrial and commercial consolidated
taxes. The Customs shall deal with the duty- exemption procedures after
verifying the approval documents of the competent departments in the
Development Zones. Spare parts accompanied in the importation of the
instruments and equipment shall be dealt with in accordance with the above
provision. The above-mentioned goods which are subject to import license
control shall also be provided with import licenses.
Article 6
High technical products, samples for dissembling and testing imported
by the enterprises shall be released free of duty by the Customs against
the approval documents of the verifying department. These samples and
sampling machines shall not be transferred for other usage or for sale.
Article 7
While applying for duty-exemption, the enterprise shall fill in the
application forms for duty- exemption in triplicate and submit to the
Customs together with the copy of import contract. After the examination
of the forms, the Customs shall stamp the duty-exemption stamp on the
forms and kept 1 copy for record, give 1 copy to the owner of the goods
and post 1 copy to the Customs establishment at the place of importation
of the goods to fulfill the import duty- exemption procedures.
Article 8
Goods produced by enterprises their own shall be exempted from export
duties, except those subject to the State export restriction or otherwise
provided. Export products from places outside the Development Zones or
exported on behalf of others outside the Zones, for which the material
processing of value added less than 20%, shall also be subject to duty-
payment according to the regulations.
Article 9
Instruments and equipment imported by an enterprise with
duty-exemption shall be used only for that enterprise, and shall neither
be transported out of the Development Zones, nor be transferred, sold,
rented, taken for other uses without the Customs authorization and the
Customs procedures fulfilled.
Article 10
Bonded goods mentioned in Article 4 of these Regulations, while
transferred for home usage, shall be approved by the former verifying
department and with the Customs permission, and those subject to the
import license control shall be provided with import license to the
Customs.
Article 11
Enterprises in the Development Zones enjoying import and export
preferential treatment shall set up special account books for goods
enjoying duty- exemption and duty-reduction. The Customs shall be entitled
to examine and read the account books and relevant documents.
Article 12
Import and export goods entering or leaving the Customs territories
at places other than the Development Zones shall be dealt with as transit
goods according to the related regulation.
Article 13
Regulations of the People's Republic of China Governing the Customs
Supervising Fees on Import Goods Granted with Duty Reduction or Exemption
and the Bonded Goods shall also be applicable to the goods granted with
duty reduction or exemption and bonded goods in the Development Zones.
Article 14
Development Zones Located in the Special Economic Zones, Opening
Coastal Cities and Economic and Technological Development Zones shall also
enjoy the preferential policies of the special areas besides these
Regulations. Foreign-invested enterprises in the Development Zones shall
also be dealt with in accordance with the regulations of the
foreign-invested enterprises besides these Regulations.
Article 15
Activities in violation of these Regulations shall be dealt with in
accordance with the Customs Law of the People's Republic of China and
other related regulations.
Article 16
These Regulations shall be explained by the Customs General
Administration.
Article 17
These Regulations shall enter into force from October 1, 1991.